What Is PCOS?

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal and metabolic condition that affects women of reproductive age. It can influence menstrual cycles, ovulation, fertility, skin health, and long-term metabolic function.

PCOS is diagnosed when at least two of the following are present (after excluding other possible causes):

• Irregular or absent ovulation

• Elevated androgen (male hormone) levels (clinical or laboratory evidence)

• Polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasound

Despite the name, the “cysts” seen on ultrasound are not true cysts. They are multiple small follicles that have not completed normal development due to disrupted ovulation.

PCOS is not only an ovarian condition. Many individuals with PCOS have insulin resistance, meaning the body does not use insulin efficiently. This can contribute to weight gain, acne, and increased risks of prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease over time.

Common symptoms may include:

• Irregular menstrual cycles

• Difficulty conceiving

• Acne or oily skin

• Excess facial or body hair (hirsutism)

• Thinning scalp hair

• Weight changes

Symptoms vary widely. Some individuals have mild signs, while others experience significant reproductive and metabolic challenges.

Early diagnosis and appropriate management — including lifestyle modification and medical care — can help reduce symptoms and improve long-term health outcomes.